Bi-level Optimization of the Configuration and Operation of Solar Energy Heat Pumps
In the context of China's dual carbon goals, efficient energy utilization is a critical issue. Given that buildings consume significant amounts of heating and cooling energy, this paper constructs a microgrid that solely uses renewable energy for power generation/heating, with the heat pump providing both heating and cooling loads, and only exchanges electricity with the regional grid. Through a two-level optimization approach, this paper considers both the economic and environmental aspects of microgrid operation. Additionally, we incorporate electricity demand response through an elasticity matrix, which can reduce thermal loads and improve user comfort. The results show that when demand response is taken into account in the microgrid, the optimized heat pump capacity is 27.73 kW and the configured area of PV/T is 252.08 m², with the latter increasing by 17.75%. In this case, the microgrid utilizes more renewable energy such as solar direct heating, with its utilization volume rising by 20.19%. Additionally, the peak shaving and valley filling coefficient is increased by 25.15% after demand response, and the system’s typical daily electricity price decreases by 42.67%.